Sociology Class 12 CBSE Board Most Important Two marks Questions with Answers free online revise before exam ..
(2019-2020)
1. Identify the reasons for the rapid growth of metropolises.
Ans.
- The metros attract migrants from the rural as well as from small towns.
- With the mass media's primary focus on these cities, the public face of India is becoming more and more urban rather than rural.
2. What are the two sets of principles to understand the theoretical interpretation of caste?
Ans.
- Difference and separation: the scriptural rules ranging from marriage to food sharing.
- Wholism and hierarchy: higher and lower in status based on purity and pollution.
3. What do you understand by the phrase Invisible Hand?
Ans.
- Proposed by Adam Smith
- Individual transactions & own self-interest leads to looking after the interests of all, referred as unseen force.
4. What is marketisation?
Ans.
- Use of markets or market-based processes rather than government regulations,
- Policies to solve social, political & economic problem for e.g. privatization
5. Illustrate the correlation between disability and poverty.
Ans.
- Malnutrition, mothers weakened by frequent childbirth,inadequate immunization, accidents in overcrowded homes etc.
- Disability also creates poverty by increasing isolation & economic strain, not only for the individual but for the family also.
6. State the meaning of the term ‘Social’ in the phrase Social Inequality and Exclusion.
Ans.
- State the meaning of the term ‘Social’ in the phrase Social Inequality and Exclusion.
- Not about individual but groups.
- Not just economic though a link is found between social & economic inequality. It is systematic & structured.
7. Examine how cultural diversity presents tough challenges.
Ans.
- Cultural identities are very powerful & can arouse intense passion.
- Able to mobilize large nos. of people.
- Sometimes cultural differences are accompanied by economic & social inequalities that provoke oppositions from other communities.
- Situation becomes worse when scarce resources like river waters, jobs of Govt., have to be shared
8. How has English language impacted our society?
Ans.
- Widely used and created a middle class of educated Indians.
- A major contributor to growth of nationalism.
- Its knowledge has given Indians an edge over others in the job market (Post Globalization).
9. How can we say that rituals have secular dimensions as distinguished from secular goals?
Ans. Provides occasion to socialize with friends and kin, to show off wealth and style to enhance social status. Rituals have a new dimension of social, economic and political status for e.g. no. of VIPs attending wedding provide the index to the
household’s standing in the local community.
10. Exemplify how Sanskritisation is a gendered process.
Ans.Upper caste practices like purdah system, low age of marriage. Dowry in place of bride price is regressive as far as women are concerned.
11. What was the significance of the 73rd Amendment?
Ans.
- Monumental in bringing voice to the people.
- Reservation of 1/3 rd seats for women.
- 17% seats reserved for SC women & tribes.
- Local resources controlled by local bodies.
12. What was the argument given by Dr. Ambedkar against the institution of Panchayati Raj?
Ans.
- Leading to further exploitation of lower castes & downtrodden.
- Local elites and upper castes would continue to exploit lower caste through power given to Panchayats.
13. There are two reasons why there are more females than males in most countries. However, in South Korea and India, the sex ratio has been declining. What are these two reasons? Why is the trend different for India, China and South Korea?
Ans. Nature produces more boys than girls, if despite this the sex ratio is in favour of girls then it is because the following two reasons:
a) girl babies appear to be more resistant to diseases in infancy.
b) women have tended to outlive men in most societies But, in China and India, there has been witnessed a decline in sex ratio because of the social norms that tend to value males much more than females, which leads to preference for sons.
14. State reasons for women’s reform movement being often termed as middle class reform movement.
Ans.
- The women’s question arose in India as part of the 19th century middle class social reform movements.
- They were termed as middle class reform movements because many of these reformers were from the newly emerging western educated Indian middle class.
- They were often inspired by the democratic ideals of the modern west as well as the past democratic traditions of India.
15. “In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and democratic vision.” What do you understand by the words inclusive and democratic in the given statement?
Ans. In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and democratic vision- inclusive because it recognized diversity and plurality; democratic because it sought to do away with discrimination and exclusion and bring forth a just and equitable society.
16. Name any two distinct modes of protest that social movements have developed.
Ans. -Candle and torch light processions
-use of black cloth
-street theatres
-songs, poetry
(Any two)
17. Describe the model of the South Asian colonial City.
Ans.
- The South Asian colonial city had European towns that comprised of spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, trees on both sides of the street, clubs for afternoon and evening get together.
- The open space was reserved for Western recreational facilities such as race and golf courses, soccer and cricket. When domestic water supply, electric connections and sewage links were available or technically possible, the European towns utilised them fully, whereas their use was restricted to the native town.
18. There were certain expectations from the nation building process that the first-generation leaders embarked upon. Name them.
Ans. Universalization of citizenship rights and the induction of cultural pluralities into the democratic process of open and competitive politics would evolve new, civic equations among ethnic communities, and between them and state.
19. “There is a vital difference between the empire building of pre-capitalist times and that of capitalist times”. Which was applicable in case of India and why? Give one reason.
Ans.
- Capitalist Empire Building was applicable in the case of India. British colonialism which was based on capitalism directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism.
- Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism. It changed the law of the land. It changed not just land ownership laws but decided even what crops would be grown and what ought not to be.
- It` meddled with the manufacturing sector. It entered forests and cleared trees and started plantations. It brought the forests acts that changed the lives of pastoralists.
(Any one reason)
20. Name the features of New Farmer’s Movements.
Ans.
- Features of new farmer’s movements-
- movements were regionally organized
- were non-party
- involved farmers rather than peasants (farmers are said to be market-involved as both commodity producers and purchasers)
- basic ideology of the movement was strongly anti-state and anti-urban
21. Explain the meaning of De-skilled workers using an example.
Ans. Famous sociologist Harry Braverman argues that the use of machinery actually deskills workers. For example, whereas earlier architects and engineers had to be skilled draughtsmen, now the computer does a lot of the work for them.
22. Can we apply the distinction between old and new social movements in the Indian context? Substantiate your answer with reasons.
Ans.
- Money-lenders. The women’s movement has worked on issue India has experienced a whole array of social movements involving women, peasants, dalits, and others.
- We cannot apply the distinction of old and new social movements in the context of India. In a social movement, questions of social inequality can occur alongside other, equally important issues.
- Social inequality and unequal distribution of resources continue to be important elements in these movements.
23. Analyze the relation between rituals and secular goals.
Ans.
- Secularization has usually meant a process of decline in the influence of religion. With the advent of modernization attitude have changed to religion and to the celebration of festivals.
- As a result of the mushrooming of urban areas and lifestyles, celebration of festivals and following rituals has become a necessary part of one’s identity.
- Rituals also provide men and women with occasions for socializing with their peers and for showing family wealth.
24. “Constitution has the capacity to help people because it is based on basic norms of social justice.” How? Explain using an example.
Ans.
- Constitution has the capacity to help people because it is based on basic norms of social justice. It has the potential for the meaning of social justice to be extended.
- Social movements have also aided the Courts and authorities to interpret the contents of rights and principles in keeping with the contemporary understanding social justice.
- For instance, the Directive Principle on village panchayats was moved as an amendment in the Constituent Assembly. After forty years, it became a Constitutional imperative after 73rd Amendment in 1992.
25. How were capitalism and colonialism linked?
Ans. It is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and organized to accumulate profits within a market system. Capitalism in the West emerged out of a complex process of
-European exploration of the rest of the world.
-Its plunder of wealth and resources.
-An unprecedented growth of science and technology.
-Harnessing of science and technology in agriculture and industries. Capitalism was also marked by its global nature of being linked to western colonialism.
26. Point out one way in which caste has weakened in one sphere and remained strong in another.
Ans.
- Development activity of the state and growth of private industry affected caste indirectly through the speeding up of and intensification of economic change.
- Modern industry created various kinds of jobs for which there were no caste rules.
- In the cultural and domestic sphere, caste remained strong. Endogamy remained unaffected by the modernization. In the political arena, caste remains central.
27.What is social exclusion?
Ans.Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society.
28.According to Adam Smith, what is meant by the invisible hand?
Ans.Invisible hand refers to an unseen force at work that converts what is good for everyone into what is good for society.
29.Why is rising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are facing ageing population?
Ans.A rising dependency ratio is a cause for worry in countries that are facing an ageing population since it becomes difficult for a relatively smaller proportion of working-age people to carry the burden of providing for a relatively larger proportion of dependents.
30.Identify the reasons for different replacement levels found in the different States of India.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister, called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society.
28.According to Adam Smith, what is meant by the invisible hand?
Ans.Invisible hand refers to an unseen force at work that converts what is good for everyone into what is good for society.
29.Why is rising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that are facing ageing population?
Ans.A rising dependency ratio is a cause for worry in countries that are facing an ageing population since it becomes difficult for a relatively smaller proportion of working-age people to carry the burden of providing for a relatively larger proportion of dependents.
30.Identify the reasons for different replacement levels found in the different States of India.
Ans.
- Increased levels of prosperity exert a strong downward pull on the birth-rate;
- Increased literacy rate;
- Growing awareness;
- Increase in the level of education;
- Acceptance of small family size.
Ans.
- Different interest groups work towards influencing political parties to pursue specific interests in the political arena.
- When certain groups feel that their interests are not being taken up, they may move to form an alternative party.
- They form pressure groups who lobby with the government.
- These organisations are best regarded as movements until they achieve recognition.
Ans.
- Rise of Literate people;
- Introduction of local news;
- Adoption of advanced printing techniques-supplements, pull out, etc.
- Marketing strategies-door to door surveys etc.
- Reduced prices.
Ans.
- The Women‘s India association(WIA)
- All India Women‘s Conference (AIWC)
- National Council for Women in India(NCWI)
Ans.
- Most of the New Year festivals in different regions of India – such as Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Bihu in Assam, Baisakhi in Punjab and Ugadi in Karnataka.
- Celebrating the main harvest season and heralding the beginning of a new agricultural season.
Ans.
- Political mobilisation,
- Redistributive measures,
- linkages to an external economy
- Integration of agriculture with a wide network of retail sales and services,
- Remittances from abroad
Ans.
- They can arouse intense passions
- Able to mobilise large numbers of people.
- Sometimes cultural differences are accompanied by economic and social inequalities.
- Inequalities or injustices suffered by one community can provoke opposition from other communities.
- The situation becomes worse when scarce resources – like river waters, jobs or government funds - have to be shared.
Ans.
- It is always possible to convert a numerical majority into political power through elections.
- Religious or cultural minorities – regardless of their economic or social position - are politically vulnerable.
- They face the risk that the majority community will capture political power and use the state machinery to suppress their religious or cultural institutions,
- Forced to abandon their distinctive identity.
Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister, called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy.
- The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance.
- The media was a means to inform the people of the various developmental efforts.
- The media was also encouraged to fight against oppressive social practices like untouchability, child marriages, and ostracism of widows, as well as beliefs of witchcraft and faith healing.
Ans.
- The basic ideology of the movement was strongly anti state and anti-urban.
- The focus was on price and related issues.
Ans.
- Sanskritisation is a process by which a 'low‘ caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, ritual, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high and, in particular, a 'twice-born (dwija) caste‘.
- Its influence can be seen in language, literature, ideology, music, dance, drama, style of life and rituals;
- Sanskritisation suggests a process whereby people want to improve their status through adoption of names and customs of culturally high-placed groups.
Ans.
- New ideas of homemaking and marriage;
- New roles for mothers and daughters,
- New ideas of self-conscious pride in culture and tradition.
- The value of education
- Crucial for a nation to become modern but also retain its ancient heritage.
- Initiated a period of questioning, reinterpretations and both intellectual and social growth.
Ans.
- It attempted to grant workers some concessions in order to contain unrest.
- The government passed the Factories Act which reduced the working day to 10 hours.
- The Trade Unions Act was passed, providing for the registration of trade unions and proposed some regulations.
Ans.
- People wake up only to put on the radio
- Switch on the television,
- Look for the morning newspaper,
- Younger children may first glance at their mobile phones to check their missed calls,
Ans.
- English is not only widely used in India but we now have an impressive body of literary writings by Indians in English.
- This knowledge of English has given Indians an edge in the global market.
- English continues to be a mark of privilege.
- Not knowing English is a disadvantage in the job market.
- English opens doors of opportunities for the deprived that were formerly closed.(any 3 Points)
Ans.
- Outright pillage, continuous flow of tribute benefited the precapitalist conquerors and did not interfere with the economic base.
- Empire building of Capitalist times(British colonialism)
- Directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism.
- Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism.
46. What do you understand by the term westernization ?
Ans.
- Westernization The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over yrs. of British rule.
- Involves adopting of western lifestyles, western ways of thinking, spread of western cultural traits – the imitating of the western external forms of culture.
48. In an industrial set-up, how can a manager make the workers produce more?
Ans. There are two ways of making workers produce more:
- To extend the working hours
- To increase the amount that is produced within a given time period
49. Write the meaning of term infotainment.
Ans. Infotainment - It is a combination of information and entertainment to sustain the interest of the readers
50. In what way consumption pattern is related to status symbol?
Ans. Relation of Consumption pattern to status symbol -
Things people consume,use, indicate their status in society; their lifestyle etc e.g. brand of cell phone, model of car, decoration of home, way of dressing , leisure activitiesetc
51. Why coastal cities were favoured by the colonial rulers?
Ans.
- Coastal cities were favoured as - From here primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be cheaply imported.
- They were the primary link between the economic center and core in Britain and periphery margins in colonized India (Coastal cities such as Bombay, Calcutta & Madras were developed by the British in India. This may be mentioned as Mumbai, Kolkatta, Chennai also.)
52. What changes has been brought by the technology in newspaper industry ?
Ans. The technological changes brought about in the Newspaper industry are –
- Network of personal computer (PC)
- Local area networks ( LAN)
- Use of newsmaking software , Newsmaker etc
- Mini tape recorders, a laptop,
- Mobile or satellite phone
- Other accessories like modem etc.
53. How were silk spinners and twisters of Bihar affected by globalization ?
Ans. Affect of globalization on silk spinners and twisters of Bihar-
- Lost their jobs because of Chinese / Korean silk yarn that entered the market.
- Preference of the Chinese/ Korean silk yarn, as it is somewhat cheaper and has a shine.
54. What role does pressure groups play in Indian democracy ?
Ans. Role of pressure group A group that operates by lobbying with the Government / legislative bodies for the fulfilment of certain demands
55. What are counter movements ? Give example.
Ans. Counter Movements - Counter movements arise in defence of status – quo when a social movement seeks to bring in a social change.
Example-
- The role of Dharma sabha as a counter to Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s campaign against Sati
- Education for girls
- Widow remarriage
- Enrolling of so called lower caste children in school
56. What are the distinct modes of protest ?
Ans. Distinct modes of protest:
- Candlelight and torchlight processions
- Use of black cloth( flags , bands etc )
- Street theaters,
- Songs and poetry
- Ahimsa,
- Satyagraha
57. State the main concerns of 19th Century’s social reformers.
Ans. Main concerns of social reformers of 19th century: -
- Removal of the prevailing social evils
- Education for the deprived, backward, weaker sections.
- Widow remarriage
- Child Marriage
- Against Caste and Gender discrimination
- Religious discrimination
58. In what way advertisement in technology led to revolutionary changes in global communities.
Ans. The scope of the answer to WHAT is asked in the question is VERY LARGE.
The question requires a connection between “ advertisement in technology “ LEADING TO “ revolutionary changes “ IN “ global communities “.
Therefore , some suggested points closest to what a student may answer are –
The role of advertisements in newspapers, magazines, radio, T.V, films, hoardings, internet, mobile phones, pamphlets , shows ( beauty pageants, award shows, etc) exihibitions, fairs etc
59. Give examples of INGOs.
Ans. INGOs
- Greenpeace, The Red Cross, Amnesty International, Medicins Sans Frontieres
60. How mass-media is a part of our everyday life ?
Ans. Mass media as part of everyday life –
- Reading of newspaper
- Watching television / films etc
- Listening to the radio
- Use of mobile phones
- Use of Internet / social networking sites.
61. What is the meaning of dependency ratio?
Ans. Dependency Ratio - It is a measure comparing portion of a population which is composed of dependents (elderly people who are too old to work and children who are too young to work) with the portion i.e. in the working age group (15-64 years).
62. What are the three forms of capital on which social inequality is based?
Ans. The three forms of capital on which social inequality is based are -
i) Economic capital
ii) Cultural capital
iii) Social capital
(Based on the question, just naming ’3’ is enough. However, some students may add an explanation, which has to be awarded).
63. State the two factors which encourage regionalism.
Ans. Two factors that encourage regionalism -
i) Geographical concentration.
ii) Sense of regional deprivation.
iii) Combination of factors based on common language, religion, culture, tribe, identity, ethnicity, ecology etc.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
64. What are the criteria for forming community identity?
Ans. Criteria for forming Community identity -
i) Based on birth.
ii) Not based on acquired qualification or accomplishments.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
65. Give the meaning of Sanskritisation.
Ans. Sanskritisation:-
- A process where members of middle/lower caste attempt to raise their own social status by adopting the ritual, domestic & social practices of a Caste or Caste of higher status.
- According to M.N. Srinivas -It may be defined as the process by which a low caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, rituals, beliefs, ideology & style of life of a high and in particular a twice-born (Dwija) caste.(Any of the above)
66. What do understated by the term decentralized democracy?
Ans. Decentralized democracy -
• Filtering of power from the top to the bottom, so that they may get a chance to take decisions for the problems they know best.
• It is a system in which the members of a community or group participate collectively in the taking of major decisions.
• It refers to a process of gradual devolution or transfer of functions, resources and decision- making powers to the lower level democratically elected bodies.
(Any other relevant explanation) (Any two)
67. How have ‘matrix events’ taken place in the rural society?
Ans. • Matrix Events - A range of factors that coalesce (or combine, or come together) to form an event e.g. farmers distress / suicide.
• Unable to bear the burden of debt.
• Failure of crops / decrease in subsidies etc.
• Cannot fulfill their social obligations due to loss.
(Any two of the above or any other relevant point)
68. In what way does ‘Time Slavery’ influence Industrial society? (2)
Ans. Time Slavery - (I.T. sector.)
i) 10-12 hours is an average workday
ii) Employees to stay over-night in the office (known as a night-out) to meet deadlines
iii) "Over work” is built into structure of out-sourced projects - due to time difference between India and the client site.
iv) Flexi-time - freedom to choose the working hours within limits.
v) Even when no work pressure, employees tend to stay late due to peer pressure or to show the boss that they are working hard.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
69. What is the meaning of Glocalisation?
Ans. Glocalisation-
i) It is the mixing of global with the local culture.
ii) It is a strategy often adopted by foreign firms while dealing with local tradition in order to enhance their marketability.
(Any one of the above)
70. In what way ‘Fordism’ influenced the production and marketing of goods?
Ans. FORDISM -
(i) Started by Henry Ford.
(ii) Popularized the assembly-line method of mass production of cars.
(iii) There was mass production of goods at a centralized location, resulted in expensive costs.
(iv) Led to payment of better wages to the workers, implementation of social welfare policies by both industrialists and the states.
(Any two of the above)
71. How has ‘corporate Culture’ transformed society?
Ans. Corporate Culture -
(i) Branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity & competitiveness.
(ii) It involves all members of a firm.
(iii) Enhancement of employee solidarity and loyalty through events, rituals, tradition etc.
(iv) Way of promoting & packaging of products.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
72. Give two examples of Peasant movements.
Ans. Peasant Movements-
i) Tebhaga Movement
ii) Telangana Movement
iii) Bengal Revolt
iv) Deccan Riots
v) Bardoli Satyagraha
vi) Non-cooperation Movement
vii) Champaran Satyagraha (Any two)
73. Mention two important reasons that can be attributed for the rise of Dalit Movements.
Ans. Reasons for rise of Dalit Movements -
i) Common quest for equality, self-dignity
ii) Eradication of un-touchability.
iii) Abolishment of stigmatisation -struggle to be touched.
iv) Recognition as fellow human beings.
v) Struggle for self-confidence.
vi) Require a space for self- determination.
vii) Economic & Political exploitation
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
74. Why do environmental movements take place?
Ans. Reasons for an Environmental Movement - (The textbook has portion on ecological movement)
To protest against / to show concern about-
(1) Exploitation of the already depleting natural resource
(2) In the name of “development” habitat of people is forcibly changed - they are displaced.
(Any other suitable example of ecological movement) (Any one)
75. Highlight the main features of demographic dividend in India.
Ans. Main features of demographic dividend in India -
i) Working age of people (15 years - 64 years) is relatively large.
ii) Small groups of "old people” to support.
iii) Small group of "young children” who cannot work and are supported.
iv) It is a source of economic growth and prosperity.
(Any other relevant point)
76. What is the meaning of dependency ratio?
Ans. Dependency Ratio - It is a measure comparing portion of a population which is composed of dependents (elderly people who are too old to work and children who are too young to work) with the portion i.e. in the working age group (15-64 years).
76. What are the three forms of capital on which social inequality is based?
Ans. The three forms of capital on which social inequality is based are -
i) Economic capital
ii) Cultural capital
iii) Social capital
77. State the two factors which encourage regionalism.
Ans. Two factors that encourage regionalism -
i) Geographical concentration.
ii) Sense of regional deprivation.
iii) Combination of factors based on common language, religion, culture, tribe, identity, ethnicity, ecology etc.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
78. What are the criteria for forming community identity?
Ans. Criteria for forming Community identity -
i) Based on birth.
ii) Not based on acquired qualification or accomplishments.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
78. What do understated by the term decentralized democracy?
Ans. Decentralized democracy -
• Filtering of power from the top to the bottom, so that they may get a chance to take decisions for the problems they know best.
• It is a system in which the members of a community or group participate collectively in the taking of major decisions.
• It refers to a process of gradual devolution or transfer of functions, resources and decision- making powers to the lower level democratically elected bodies.
(Any other relevant explanation) (Any two)
79. How have ‘matrix events’ taken place in the rural society?
Ans. • Matrix Events - A range of factors that coalesce (or combine, or come together) to form an event e.g. farmers distress / suicide.
• Unable to bear the burden of debt.
• Failure of crops / decrease in subsidies etc.
• Cannot fulfill their social obligations due to loss.
(Any two of the above or any other relevant point)
80. In what way does ‘Time Slavery’ influence Industrial society?
Ans. Time Slavery - (I.T. sector.)
i) 10-12 hours is an average workday
ii) Employees to stay over-night in the office (known as a night-out) to meet deadlines
iii) "Over work” is built into structure of out-sourced projects - due to time difference between India and the client site.
iv) Flexi-time - freedom to choose the working hours within limits.
v) Even when no work pressure, employees tend to stay late due to peer pressure or to show the boss that they are working hard.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
81. What is the meaning of Glocalisation?
Ans. Glocalisation-
i) It is the mixing of global with the local culture.
ii) It is a strategy often adopted by foreign firms while dealing with local tradition in order to enhance their marketability.
(Any one of the above)
82.In what way ‘Fordism’ influenced the production and marketing of goods?
Ans. FORDISM -
(i) Started by Henry Ford.
(ii) Popularized the assembly-line method of mass production of cars.
(iii) There was mass production of goods at a centralized location, resulted in expensive costs.
(iv) Led to payment of better wages to the workers, implementation of social welfare policies by both industrialists and the states.
(Any two of the above)
83.How has ‘corporate Culture’ transformed society?
Ans. Corporate Culture -
(i) Branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity & competitiveness.
(ii) It involves all members of a firm.
(iii) Enhancement of employee solidarity and loyalty through events, rituals, tradition etc.
(iv) Way of promoting & packaging of products.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
84.Give two examples of Peasant movements.
Ans. Peasant Movements-
i) Tebhaga Movement
ii) Telangana Movement
iii) Bengal Revolt
iv) Deccan Riots
v) Bardoli Satyagraha
vi) Non-cooperation Movement
vii) Champaran Satyagraha (Any two)
85.Mention two important reasons that can be attributed for the rise of Dalit Movements.
Ans. Reasons for rise of Dalit Movements -
i) Common quest for equality, self-dignity
ii) Eradication of un-touchability.
iii) Abolishment of stigmatisation -struggle to be touched.
iv) Recognition as fellow human beings.
v) Struggle for self-confidence.
vi) Require a space for self- determination.
vii) Economic & Political exploitation
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
86.Why do environmental movements take place?
Ans. Reasons for an Environmental Movement - (The textbook has portion on ecological movement)
To protest against / to show concern about-
(1) Exploitation of the already depleting natural resource
(2) In the name of “development” habitat of people is forcibly changed - they are displaced.
(Any other suitable example of ecological movement) (Any one)
86. Highlight the main features of demographic dividend in India.
Ans. Main features of demographic dividend in India -
i) Working age of people (15 years - 64 years) is relatively large.
ii) Small groups of "old people” to support.
iii) Small group of "young children” who cannot work and are supported.
iv) It is a source of economic growth and prosperity.
(Any other relevant point)
87. What are some of the problems faced by the mine workers?
Ans. Some of the problems faced by the mine workers are:
- Many workers develop breathing problems and diseases like tuberculosis
- They face dangerous conditions – due to flooding, fire, collapse of roofs, emission of gases etc.
88. Mention any two structural changes brought about by colonialism?
Ans. Industrialization, Urbanization
89. Define the term assimilation.
Ans. Assimilation is A process of cultural unification and homogenization by which newly entering or subordinate groups lose their distinctive culture and adopt the culture of the dominant majority.
90. What does the theory of resource mobilization tell us about social movements?
Ans. The theory of resource mobilization explains that if a movement can mobilize the resources such as leadership, organizational capacity, communication facilities and can use them within the available political opportunity structure, it is more likely to be effective.
91. Differentiate between a strike and a lockout.
Ans. In a strike, workers do not go to work as a united group whereas in a lockout the management shuts the gate and prevents workers from coming to work.
92. How did colonial laws favour the owners and managers of the tea industry?
Ans.
- The colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers.
- Harsh measures were taken against the labourers to make sure they benefited the owners and managers.
- The law being in favour of the colonisers helped them to live a life of luxury.
- The laws of colonized countries did not have to stick to the democratic norms that the British had to follow in Britain.
93. Mention any two changes that caste underwent during the colonial rule.
Ans.
- Official efforts to collect information on castes through the census and surveys affected the institution itself- caste identities became more solidified/fixed/ rigid.
- The land revenue settlements and laws served to give legal recognition to the caste-based rights of the upper castes, who now became owners of land.
- The scheduled castes and tribes were recognized by the government as needing special treatment to overcome their caste/social disadvantages.
94. What is meant by cultural diversity?
Ans. By cultural diversity we mean different types of social groups and communities (defined through markers, like Language, Religion, Sect, Race or Caste) living in the same country, in this case India.
95. According to Marx, what is alienation or alienated labour?
Ans. When workers do not enjoy work, have no control over it and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, this kind of labour/work is named as alienation or alienated labour by Marx.
96. In what ways have transnational television companies adapted to the Indian audience?
Ans.
- By using popular local content, like Hindi films.
- By dubbing their international programmes in Indian languages.
- By making Indian versions of popular international programmes.
97. What is meant by corporate culture?
Ans. Corporate culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of unique organizational cultures involving all members of a firm.A way of doing things, promotion and packaging of products.
98. What is meant by the phrase ‘invisible hand’?
Ans. An unseen force at work in /through the market economy that converts what is good for each individual into what is good for society. This unseen force was called the “invisible hand” by Adam Smith.
99. What is meant by direct democracy?
Ans. In a direct democracy, all citizens without intermediary elected or appointed officials can participate directly in making public decisions
100. What are the prime features of industrial societies today?
Ans. 1. A large majority of the employed population work in factories, offices or shops rather than agriculture.
- Most of the people live in towns and cities.
- Heterogenous / mixed population
- Machine based production
- Complex division of labour
- Long working hours
- Feeling of alienation
- Breaking of joint families
- Occupational diversification
- Anonymous relationship.
- Caste distinctiveness do not matter.
101. What is the mass media expected to do in order to function as the “watchdog of democracy”?
Ans.
- It is expected to spread awareness and encourage the fight against oppressive social practices;
- it is expected to inform people about development
1 Comments
edge fulfilment<a href="https://www.euify.eu/fulfilment/https://www.euify.eu/fulfilment/</a
ReplyDelete